Classroom Discipline and Management for the Beginning Teacher Essay

Classroom Discipline and Management for the Beginning TeacherAffective teaching from a beginning teachers view deals with a lot of antithetic concerns. Beginning teachers deal with room discipline, motivating students, accommodating differences among students, evaluating students work, dealing with parents as the most serious challenges, and classroom counselling or confineing classroom discipline (Education, 2001, p.8). every last(predicate) these are main parts of what beginning teachers have concerns about. The focus of this paper will deal with classroom management and all the parts necessary to maintain classroom discipline. Classroom discipline and management maybe among the most difficult challenges for beginning teachers (Gordon, 2001, p.1). Classroom management is techniques used to maintain a healthy breeding environment, relatively free of behavior problems. But at the same time it is unethical to use class management techniques just to keep students docile and fluid (Education, 2001, p.436). Successful classroom management can set the stage for optimal learning, as well as reduce stress on the teacher. Both sea captain and personal reasons underlie the need far a specific classroom management system. Virtually little or no learning can happen in a classroom bereft of effective management and discipline. In classes lacking discipline, precious learning time is wasted as the attempts to implement management strategies. In all effective classroom management and ...

The Psychological Affects of the Holocaust :: European Europe History

The Psychological Affects of the HolocaustThe Holocaust was a tragic point in news report which many people believe never happened. Others who survived it thought it should never have been. Not only did this affect the people who lived through it, it also affected everyone who was machine-accessible to those fortunate individuals who survived. The survivors were lucky to have made it but there argon times when their memories and flashbacks have made them wish they were the ones who died instead of living with the horrible aftermath. The mental effects of the Holocaust on people from different parts such as survivors of Israel and survivors of the ghettos and camps vary in some ways yet in others are profoundly similar. The vast number of prisoners of various nationalities and religions in the camps made such differences inevitable. Many contrasting opinions have been published about the victims and survivors of the holocaust based on the writers different cultural backrounds, pers onal experiences and intelectual traditions. Therefore, the opinions of the authors of such books and entries of human behavior and survival in the concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Europe are very diverse. The Survivors of the Holocaust ecumenic Survey Because the traumatization of the Holocaust was both individual and collective, most individuals made efforts to create a new family to replace the nuclear family that had been lost. In order for the victims to resist dehumanization and regression and to find support, the members of such groups shared stories about the past, fantasies of the future and joint prayers as well as poetry and expressions of personal and general human aspirations for hold and love. Imagination was an important means of liberation from the frustrating reality by opening an outlet for the formulation of plans for the distant future, and by spurring to immediate actions. feeling at the history of the Jewish survivors, from the beginning of the Nazi occu pation until the liquidation of the ghettos shows that there are common features and simmilar psychophysiological patterns in their responses to the persecutions. The survivors often experienced several phases of psychosocial response, including attempts to actively master the traumatic situation, cohesive affiliative actions with intense emotional links, and finally, passive compliance with the persecutors. These phases must be understood as the development of special mechanisms to cope with the tensions and dangers of the adjoin horrifying reality of the Holocaust. There were many speculations that survivors of the Holocaust suffered from a static concentration camp syndrome.

Cost of Drug Abuse on Society Essay -- Drug Abuse, Substance Abuse

medicine abuse is a rampant problem in the United States. Drugs can be abused in a grade of antithetic ways by people from every walk of life. Most of us have been affected by medicate abuse either straight off or indirectly. Drug abusers harm themselves, as well as their families and communities. Drug abuse takes an enormous toll on our society at many levels. The speak to of drug abuse on our society is astronomical, not only financially but also personally, emotionally, friendlyly and professionally. Drug abuse is the misuse or drug of any medication or drug, including alcohol. Many people abuse drugs to deal with everyday life. Although it is true that for most people the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary, over time the changes in the brain caused by repeated drug abuse can effect a persons control and ability to make headway sound decisions, and at the same time send intense impulses to take drugs (Shannon 246). Many people, who abuse drugs, will de velop a chronic condition called crochetion. at one time addicted, it is challenging for the drug abuser to stop abusing drugs. The cost of drug and alcohol recovery services can be expensive, not only to the recovering addict and their families, but also to society paying for services through government agencies. Drug addicts relapsing from their disease or those who are not interested in recovery cost society by involvement in crime, neglect, abuse and even death. Drugs being abused are classified under nine different categories cocaine, hallucinogens, herion, inhalants, marijuana, pain relievers, sedatives, stimulants and tranquilizers. These drugs range from illegal, over-the-counter to prescription medications. In 2007, an estimated 19.9 million Americans aged 12 or o... ...ddiction treatment, medical cost from overdoses, drug-related injuries and complications, time lost from work and social welfare programs (Grohsman). The cost of drug abuse on society applies to all Americans. Whether you are a drug abuser, family member, friend, co-worker or drug manufacturer to drug enforcement officer, we all have been affected by drug abuse.Works CitedAbbot, Ann. Health Care Challenges Created by Substance Abuse The Whole is Definitely Bigger than the number of Its Parts Health & Social Work 27.3 (2002) 162, 4. MasterFile Premier. Web. 19 Nov 2011.Brennfleck Shannon, Joyce, ed. Drug Abuse SOURCEBOOK. Omnigraphics, Inc.,2010. Print.Grohsman, B. Drug Addiction and Society. Treatment Centers.net 23 May 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.Magnitude Drug Abuse is Costly. National Institute on Drug Abuse.n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2011

Prostitution in the Victorian Era Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Prostitution in the Victorian Era There were many prostitutes during the Victorian era. Most were lower-class women, with the expulsion of the mistresses kept by upper-class men. According to Victorian standards, respectable women did not consider sexual intercourse pleasurable. It was their duty to be intimate with their husbands. Having affairs was disgraceful (Waters). Prostitutes, on the other hand, were sexually intimate with men because they enjoyed sex. Men enjoyed prostitutes because they could not enjoy their wives. Victorian femininity was not defined by sexual pleasure, firearm Victorian masculinity was defined by sexual pleasure and conquest. Prostitutes did not necessarily enjoy their sexual encounters with men, as Victorians tended to believe. Prostitution was their survival. Lower-class women did not bring to pass prostitutes because they wanted to. They became prostitutes because they had no alternate choice for survival. There were fe w options that allowed women to live off her own income instead of her familys income, and once she e...

Mary-Beth Hughes Israel †Glorifying the Common Occurrence :: Mary-Beth Hughes Israel Essays

Mary-Beth Hughes Israel Glorifying the Common Occurrence Mary-Beth Hughes short drool titled Israel is a rich literary piece. Every detail within the story has some sort of meaning and is there for a reason. When analyzed, this story has a lot to say, however, when summarized, the storyline is rather simple. The story contains five characters, the mother, the vex, their daughter, and the mothers friends, Dr. Derek Duncalf and Dr. Dan Ovita. The time period is unknown, except that it is during a time when Isralies are armed combat to keep their homeland. The narration of the story is first person persona told by the daughter throughout. The setting is a house in London in which the mother is living with her daughter. The father lives in a bachelor pad scarcely down the street. The storyline is that of a dysfunctional family in which the mother lives with her daughter, and the father has resorted to a separate house down the street. Dr. Duncalf is motivated to have a family with the mother, while Duncalfs friend, Dr. Ovita, is a pleasant man who is able to fix the daughters problems by letting her come to Israel with him. The daughter communicates with her parents by mail, and in each reply her father signs it saying, our love. The short story summarized above illustrates that life is not perfect, and people must make hard decisions in order to make their life happy, satisfying, and acceptable to them. The characters in this short story all show verisimilitude, making them major characters. Each one has his or her own personality, therefore making them round characters and not low characters. This story, like most literature, contains more than just the details on top. Within the basic story lies oppositions, paradoxes, symbols, conflicts, complexities, ambiguities, tensions, as well as ironies and each one contributes to what the lector can make of and associate with the story. The title of the story, Israel, is relating to where the daughter moved to. T he country of Israel is also where Dr. Ovita is from, and where he doctors the soldiers. Israel in itself represents a country that is currently fighting. They are fighting for themselves and fighting for their freedom. This associates with the story in a way that each character is doing what ever he or she has to do in order to be happy.

Mary-Beth Hughes Israel †Glorifying the Common Occurrence :: Mary-Beth Hughes Israel Essays

Mary-Beth Hughes Israel Glorifying the Common Occurrence Mary-Beth Hughes brusk story titled Israel is a rich literary piece. every detail within the story has some sort of meaning and is there for a reason. When analyzed, this story has a lot to say, however, when summarized, the storyline is rather simple. The story contains fin characters, the mother, the father, their lady friend, and the mothers friends, Dr. Derek Duncalf and Dr. Dan Ovita. The time period is unknown, except that it is during a time when Isralies are scrap to keep their homeland. The narration of the story is first person persona told by the daughter throughout. The setting is a house in London in which the mother is living with her daughter. The father lives in a bachelor pad just agglomerate the street. The storyline is that of a dysfunctional family in which the mother lives with her daughter, and the father has resorted to a separate house down the street. Dr. Duncalf is motivated to have a relationship with the mother, part Duncalfs friend, Dr. Ovita, is a pleasant man who is able to fix the daughters problems by letting her come to Israel with him. The daughter communicates with her parents by mail, and in each reply her father signs it saying, our love. The short circuit story summarized above illustrates that life is not perfect, and people must make hard decisions in order to make their life happy, satisfying, and acceptable to them. The characters in this short story all show verisimilitude, making them major characters. Each one has his or her own personality, therefore making them round characters and not minor characters. This story, the likes of most literature, contains more than just the details on top. Within the basic story lies oppositions, paradoxes, symbols, conflicts, complexities, ambiguities, tensions, as well as ironies and each one contributes to what the reader send away make of and associate with the story. The title of the story, Israel, is relating to w here the daughter moved to. The country of Israel is also where Dr. Ovita is from, and where he doctors the soldiers. Israel in itself represents a country that is currently fighting. They are fighting for themselves and fighting for their freedom. This associates with the story in a way that each character is doing what ever he or she has to do in order to be happy.

Criminal Law Paper Essay

Maryland v. King, 569 U.S., on June 3, 2013 the United States Supreme mash ruled that it is not a violation of the fourth amendment right by having your desoxyribonucleic acid swabbed while being booked into a detention facility. And that a simple swab on the versed cheek was no different than taking a photo or being finger printed during the interlocking process. This case came to be after an somebody was arrested and booked for assault and during the booking process the idiosyncratic had the inner cheek swabbed as part of the booking process as part of Maryland DNA Collection Act (Maryland Act). After this individual DNA was treat per the Maryland Act, the DNA matched that of an unsolved rape from years earlier. Because of the match DNA, this individual argued that his fourth amendment right was violated. What interested me ab egress this case was the taking of the DNA during the booking process. I have always thought that giving a DNA sample was something that was voluntaril y given, rather than being forced. Or if there was a administration of law order to obtain ones DNA.I know that many states across the country have been creating laws regarding the collection of DNA from individuals who atomic number 18 involved in the miserable justice system. Some states collect DNA during the booking process, while other states only collect when you are a repeat offender. However, I consider that deterring crime and criminals is the main goal behind these laws and agree that taking this step will cause for individual criminals to think twice before they live a lifestyle of crime. I believe these laws allow for some sort of closure for victims of crimes and feel that justice was done in regards to the Maryland v. King Supreme Court ruling. iniquitous liability is something that is needed to prove that the individual being acc apply is guilty of a crime. Therefore, to ensure that a person is criminally liable the court system needs to prove that the individua l did commit the crime being accused of and that the individualbeing accused had the criminal mindset to commit the crime. associate liability is when the court finds an individual criminally liable for crimes that were committed by a different person. If an individual participates, helps, or plays any role when another individual is committing a crime. This individual may be charged as a accomplice to the crime. Because of the nature of the Supreme Court case that I selected neither criminal liability nor accomplice liability pertained to this case. This case was about an individual whos past caught up with him, after thinking that he got away with rape. During this case the individual never denied guilt for the rape but argued his rights were violated by the state law, which I feel was used as a tactic to get out of the sentences that was imposed by the court. The elements of a crime are the facts that need to be proven in order to find the accused guilty of a crime. to begin wit h an individual is found guilty of a crime, the prosecution must show the This evidence must be credible and sufficient enough to prove without a doubt that the accused did in fact commit a crime and that each of the elements of the crime exists.There are three major elements of crime that are considered during this process. Mens Rae is when the mental elements of the accused are looked at as it relates to the goal of committing a crime. The defendants state of mind during the crime can be used to prove or disapprove the intent of the crime. Actus Reus is a criminal act or an unlawful confession of an act. Basically an individual who is accused must proclaim their guilt of committing a crime. An individual cannot be found guilty of thinking of committing a crime. Concurrence is the combination of Mens Rae and Actus Reus when they happen at the same time. The criminal intent must go alongside the criminal act, or be connected some way to the crime. Actus Reus and Mens Rae do not di rectly relate to the case that I selected. It is my opinion that occurrence is the best fit for my case. In my opinion for an individual to commit a crime of rape intent is always present and the individual who is accused never denied the charges against him, but rather that his fourth amendment right had been violated.ReferencesSupreme Court of the United States, Maryland v. King June 3, 2013 retrieved August 10, 2014 from http//www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-207_d18e.pdf Freeman, C.G.(2013). Supreme court cases of interest. Criminal Justice, 28(1), 46-49. Retrieved August 10, 2014 from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1353616933?accountid=458

The Destructive Growth of Alcoholism in America

Drinking intoxi tail assemblytic imbibing has become a past- clock time for teenagers and adults during weekends. People fuddle to relax, feel more(prenominal) confident or to forget temporarily any worries that they currently necessitate. Everyone knows that intoxi ignoretic drink in moderation do not harm ones body or society at large. The problem lies when tipsiness becomes uncontrollable and excessive. The social, health and mortality rate problems associated with intoxicant pack been perceived as early as 1920s, which was when the graveness Movework forcet started.The white plague of intoxicant began in 1600-1700. People drank alcohol beca subprogram they had no separate alternative. The milk was unpasteurized and the water was unsanitary. In addition, the price of tea and coffee did not fit the budget of most throng. According to the term What in Ameri sacks register could fail to prohibition, the average Ameri back end was potable 7 g every last(predic ate)ons of pure alcohol. During the early years of the Ameri put up colony, rummyenness was not viewed as offensive.The invoice of alcoholic drink clause enumerated how people in the colonies showed little concern over drunkenness, in fact spirituous liquors had become the greatest factors in colonial commerce. Later on, the demand for alcohol created Saloons where people could drink and take fall in in different form of vices. The History of inebriant article stated that it was not rarefied to find one saloon for every 150 or 200 Americans, including those who did not drink.Hard-pressed to earn profits, saloon keepers sometimes introduced vices such as gambling and prostitution into their establishments in an attempt to earn profits. However, people soon certainized that alcohol drinkers acted differently and far worse after they admit consumed liquor. Prohibition or temperance, which simply meant a reduction or emptying of the use of alcoholic beverages, was enacted t o combat these social ills that were developing due to the effects of alcohol.Hence, correspond to the History of intoxicant, in 1920 America power saw prohibition in an effort to oppose the social problems arranged by alcohol abuse. Thornton, an economics professor, expressed that during 1920-1933, national prohibition of alcohol in the US was a noble experiment- undertaken to shrink crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America. Supporters of the Temperance Movement firmly believed that alcohol had addictive properties. In addition, the History of inebriant stated that the Temperance movement swept across the United States preaching that alcohol was immoral and destroyed family life. The same article as well as says that the benevolent intentions of the Temperance Movement finally materialized when the government included the ban on alcohol in the 18th Amendment, which t ook away the business licenses of brewers, distillers, vintners, and the wholesale and retail sellers, of the Constitution. Despite literal concern ab bulge verboten the prohibit effects of alcohol, liquor cannot be eliminated from the market.The History of alcoholic drink states that people started to bootleg alcohol from Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean- since Americans were prohibited from producing liquor- to cater to their growing customers. create crime was established to meet the increasing demand of the public for the prohibited product. According to the What in Americans history could lead to prohibition article, the illegal nature of alcohol led criminal organizations to resort to real crimes in defense of sales territories, brand names, and labor contracts. Eventually, the government realized that their efforts only change magnitude the reliance on alcohol and made the social ills imposed by it more severe. Therefore, they repealed prohibition in 1933. Even though th e Temperance Movement was dissolved, the criminal assemblages that were formed out of it still remained intact. These groups branched out into narcotics, gambling, prostitution, loan sharking and extortion, concerns they still control today, according to The History of intoxicant article. Moreover, societal problems incurred from alcohol also affect family dynamics.P bents who constantly drink might end up spending more time outside the house and neglect their responsibilities to their children and spouse. Thus, the article entitled Scientific Facts on alcoholic drink brought up the point that drinking can impair how a person performs as a parent, and a partner as well. Likewise, the Scientific Facts on Alcoholic indicated that the financial greet of alcohol purchase can submit other family members destitute. This is be possess parents may end up using their salary to sustain their habit to the extent that their children become athirst(p) in the process.Children of alcoholi cs may not be adequately taken care of as well because their basic needs, such as clothing and shelter, are not provided for because indulgence in the habit makes their parents lose focus on what is important in their lives. The detrimental effects of alcohol become exacerbated to the point that it manifests itself in forcible fierceness or abuse towards other people. A relationship might be jeopardized because the man, as is usually the case, beats up his wife or daughter after consuming immense amount of liquor. The wife or girlfriend has a toleration limit in allowing this kind of dismal treatment.After awhile, she is bound to leave him if the manner does not stop or improve. Information contained in the Alcohol and Women article provided by Loyola Marymount University states that 57% of female victims experience intimate violence (i. e. , current or former spouses, boyfriends, etc. ) and account that the offender had been drinking at the time of the offense. While 62% of fe male victims of alcohol-related violence reported experiencing some form of injury. Unfortunately, these victimized women feel a high likelihood of sticking by their man.As a result, they may end up drinking as well to deal with the abuse that they experience. Furthermore, the article entitled Alcohol, Violence, and Aggression notes that aggressive behavior of alcohol drinkers result in 86 percent of homicide offenders, 37 percent of assault offenders, 60 percent of intimate offenders, up to 57 percent of men and 27 percent of women involved in marital violence, and 13 percent of child abusers. Excessive alcohol drinkers assume in such actions because according to the Alcohol, Violence, and Aggression article, alcohol has been known toweaken brain mechanisms that normally restrain impulsive behaviors, including inappropriate aggression. By impairing information processing, alcohol can also lead a person to misjudge social cues, thereby overreacting to a perceived threat. Simulta neously, a narrowing of attention may lead to an inexact assessment of the future risks of acting on an agile violent impulse. Besides aggressive behavior that is exhibited due to the lessening of inhibition, ease of interaction amongst a group of people also ensues.Thus, men usually drink with acquaintances or colleagues at work to develop rapport and comradeship. Hence, the Alcohol and the Workplace article indicate that studies of male-dominated occupations arrive at described cloggy drinking cultures in which workers use drinking to build solidarity and show conformity to the group. On the contrary, alcohol can be harmful in the workplace when an individuals job performance suffers. Limitless alcohol consumption can result in people suffering from a hangover the following day, which affects and hampers concentration, recollection and motor skill.Thus, the Alcohol and the Workplace article state that hangover has a positive correlation between the frequency of feeling sick at work, quiescency on the job, and having problems with job tasks or co-workers. The same article also mentions that productiveness losses are attributed to alcohol. Performance at work may be change both by the volume and designing of drinking. Co-workers perceive that heavy drinkers have lower performance, problems in personal relationships and lack of self-direction, though drinkers themselves do not needfully perceive effects on their work performance.In addition, the aforementioned article also explains that There is ample evidence that people with alcohol habituation and drinking problems are on sick leave more ofttimes than other employees, with a significant cost to employees, employers, and social security systems. Therefore, constant and excessive alcohol consumption can negatively affect work performance. Persistent pattern of alcohol drinking becomes a problem because it does not enable the employee to finish tasks, has a drastic effect on ones output at work and lead hurt the company in the long-run if an employee repeatedly accumulates absences.Nevertheless, the negative seismic disturbance of alcohol on someones means of livelihood is still not enough to detract people from taking it. Writer Caroline Ryan of BBC News says that the reason universe is alcohol triggers the internal composition of our body. Alcohol releases dopamine which which produces feelings of satisfaction. It also increases the business of the brains natural painkiller endorphin which scientists think could be the means by which the brain becomes learn to crave. Scientists believe this effect is part of the development of tolerance to, and dependence on, alcohol. Also, excessive alcohol drinking can contribute to health issues. According to Dr. Berman, alcohol can either directly or indirectly cause cancers of the mouth, throat, colorful, larynx, and esophagus pot ulcers and bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract pancreatitis cirrhosis of the liver hyperte nsion cardiac arrhythmias congestive heart failure peripheral nerve problems increased susceptibility to infections. Nissl, author of Alcohol and medicate Problems, also indicates that long-term heavy drinking damages the nervous system, heart, and brain.It also can lead to stomach problems, medicine interactions, sexual problems, osteoporosis While an article entitled Alcohol Myth says that sparse drinking will still result in the wearisomeing down of the heart rate, lowering of your telephone circuit pressure, and slowing of your breathing rate. Also, food digestion is inhibited from fully functioning. The Alcohol and Nutrition article exhibits that alcohol interferes with the nutritional process by affecting digestion, storage, utilization, and riddance of nutrients Alcohol inhibits the breakdown of nutrients into usable moleculesAlcohol impairs nutrient absorption by damaging the cells cladding the stomach and intestines and disabling transport of some nutrients into the b lood Even if nutrients are digested and absorbed, alcohol can prevent them from being fully apply by altering their transport, storage, and excretion alcohol can impair the mechanisms by which the body controls blood glucose levels, resulting in either increased or decreased blood glucose. Again, the said article also explains that lack of nutrients can result in deficiencies that can lead to severe and permanent effects on brain function.Specifically, thiamine deficiencies, often seen in alcoholics, which can cause severe neurological problems such as impaired movement and memory loss. It is also a fact that mental and emotionally faculties can also be affected. According to Green Facts, anxiety, fear and depression are common problems encountered by family members of an alcoholic and the alcoholic himself. For alcoholics, the Why Do People Drink Alcohol article discusses that alcohol intake actually causes depression since alcohol is a depressant.While feelings of a depressed pe rson is magnified two-folds when depression medicine stays in the system at the same time that alcohol is in ones body. Despite the health risks involve with excessive alcohol consumption, some women may still engage in the act even when they are pregnant. According to Nemours Foundation, its estimated that each year in the United States, 1 in every 750 infants is natural with a pattern of physical, developmental, and functional problems referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), while another 40,000 are born with fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome results in birth defects in infants that can debilitate or permanently damage ones normal capabilities and functioning. Indeed, alcohol can become toxic when there is too much of it. Infinite amount of liquor can be the cause of destruction for a relatively few people. This unfortunate incident is known as alcohol poisoning, also called smashing alcohol intoxication. The Alcohol Myth article explains that in this spe cific instance, alcohol acts as a poison that attacks the body and results in death.On a lighter note, a mild form of sleep disturbance can be induced by alcohol especially among college students who usually have the notion that alcohol is not as bad as what people claim it to be. The Alcohol and Sleep article points out that the more one drinks, the express the person will fall asleep, but the likelihood of sleep disturbances increases. Alcohol consumed up to 6 hours before bedtime can affect sleep patterns. And we are all aware that lack of sleep can make a person feel easily irritated and unfocused on the tasks at hand.Also, we should not banish the fact that financial costs can dampen ones available resources. According to Estimating the Economic Cost of Alcohol Abuse article, the health cost of alcohol dependence behavior which include medical, alcohol abuse and dependence treatment does not come cheap. Furthermore, hospital bills and medical inconvenience does not end ther e. Accidents caused by drunk driving, which endanger public safety, can accrue more damages to the physical and financial well-being of a person. Also, mental irregularities can happen when an alcoholic attempts to point felo-de-se.According to Women and Alcohol article, 40% of alcoholic women attempted to ordinate self-destruction, compared to 8. 8% of non-alcoholic women. While younger women who are alcoholics are nearly twice as likely to attempt to commit suicide (50. 5%) than older women who are alcoholics (25. 5%). Tendencies like this transpire because a person is emotionally unstable. The main reason why alcoholics turn to alcohol for harbor is to numb their feelings or to forget their problems. They fail to realize that trying to forget intimately their unpleasant situation is only fleeting and does not solve anything in the long-run.For instance, the Why Do People Drink Alcohol article explains that drinking alcohol to deal with a break up or death in ones family del ays the ameliorate process because the people arent giving themselves a chance to heal. This is because they are not confronting their problem and letting themselves experience emotions that course surface in this kind of circumstance. Hence, the behavior that they are engaging in-regularly drinking loads of alcohol-does not help them at all even though they will like to think so otherwise.Thus, immense alcohol consumption may unfortunately lead to death. According to Dr. Berman, the third leading cause of mortality in the United States, and is responsible for approximately 100,000 preventable deaths per year, is alcohol. Hence, premature death due to excessive alcohol consumption is within our ability to control and avoid from happening. Also, if death does not occur due to reckless driving, diseases that take over the body gradually-as was mentioned earlier- can also take away ones life.If an alcoholic somehow manages to stay out of harms way, alcohol can contribute to risky beh aviors like unprotected sexual activity, use of tobacco and illegal drugs. The article entitled Alcohol An Addictive Drug tackles the fact that alcohol is frequently the entry-level drug that leads to harder drugs, such as cocaine and heroin. These acts that may seem harmless-especially to those actively taking part in the habit- cost the government cash because they shoulder any expense that is brought up. This is because effective law enforcement has to be increased and strengthened via mandatory regular training to deal with misdemeanors.Also, according to Estimating the Economic Cost of Alcohol Abuse article, other parts of society are involved like the criminal exceptice system, social welfare administration- just to name a few- to ensure that society is not greatly troubled by the reckless behavior that alcoholics enact. Overall, limitation and prohibition of alcohol will never be successful as demonstrated by the Temperance Movement. This is because people find ways to get well-nigh the system and defy laws that go against what they exigency to do with their personal lives.The key to the problems that alcohol presents is not to eliminate the source of the problem, in this case alcohol itself, but to educate young people about the adverse effects that alcohol places on them and on society as a whole. Also, tough enforcement of established laws regarding alcohol should be done. In addition, assistance should be available and given to alcoholics so that violence, alcohol craving and health issues that they have are addressed in a timely manner. Finally, people should keep in mind that alcohol does not solve anything.It only creates or increases the existing problems that one faces. Additionally, people have the power to change the glamorized notions about alcohol consumption-how it is the in thing to do because all the cool kids are doing it- and its supposed positive effects which mostly deals with a smoother social interaction with other people. The media plays a crucial role in changing this persistent view. The media should stress-via their print publication, billboard ads, television and radio programs- that the negative impact of alcohol outweighs any positive impact that may be derived from it.Also, it is essential that alcoholics are aided in finding ways to control their urges and direct it to an outlet that will be more sound for them. It will also be important to make people aware that proper and moderate alcohol consumption is an obligation that they should perform and abide by at all times because it is for their best interest. Hence, alcohol regulations serve people by protecting their well-being. References Alcohol and Sleep. (2006). Loyola Marymount University. Alcohol and the Nutrition. October 1993. Alcohol Alert.22. 29 January 2008. National embed on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol and the Workplace. July 1999. Alcohol Alert. 44. 29 January 2008. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Myths. (2006). Loyola Marymount University. 30 January 2008. Alcohol, Violence, and Aggression. October 1997. Alcohol Alert. 38. 29 January 2008. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Berman, James. January 2003. Alcohol and drug addiction. University of Pennsylvania Health System. 29 January 2008 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. 2008. Nemours Foundation. 30 January 2008. History of Alcohol. (n. d). 30 January 2008 Nissl, Ian. 23 February 2007. Alcohol and Drug Problems. Peace Health. 29 January 2008. Ryan, Caroline. Why alcohol is addictive. 15 March 2004. BBC News. 30 January 2008. http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/3537387. short-term memory Scientific Facts on Alcohol. (2008). Green Facts. 29 January 2008. The History of Alcohol. (2005). Drug-Rehabs. org 30 January 2008. Thornton, M. (1991). Alcohol prohibition was a failure. CATO institute. 30 January 2008. Walters, G. D. (2002).The heritability of alcohol abuse and dependence a meta-analysis of behavior genetic research. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(3), 557- 584. What in Americans history could lead to prohibition? (n. d). 30 January 2008. Why Do People Drink Alcohol? (n. d) 30 January 2008. Women and Alcohol. (2006). Loyola Marymount University. 30 January 2008. Alcoholism in America I. History of Alcohol A.lack of other drink alternatives B. American Revolution C. Emergence of Saloons D. Temperance Movement 1. exposition of Temperance 2. Reasons for the movement 3. Problem with Temperance II. Personal Problem with Alcohol now A. Family problem 1. ineffective parent 2. money spent on alcohol instead B. Violence 1. between partners a. statistical information b. victimized women 2. statistics of criminal offenses C. Alcohol at the workplace 1. reason to bond especially with men 2. negative effect on work performance a. productivity b. absence D. Alcohol Cravings E. health problem 1. damages parts of the body2. slows down bodily functions 3. interfere s with digestion process 4. nutritional deficiencies 5. mental health problem 6. fetal alcohol syndrome 7. alcohol poisoning 8. sleep disturbances 9. health related costs F. Accidents 1. different damages accrued 2. suicide statistical evidence G. Deaths 1. statistical evidence III. Other negative effects of alcohol A. Vices associated with alcohol B. Government expenditures Note cards page Alcohol, like nicotine and marijuana, is frequently the entry-level drug that leads to harder drugs, such as cocaine and heroin. Alcohol An Addictive Drug. (2006). Covenant Health. 30 January 2008. The nutrients from digested food are absorbed from the intestines into the blood and carried to the liver. The liver prepares nutrients either for immediate use or for storage and future use. Alcohol inhibits the breakdown of nutrients into usable molecules by decreasing secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas (2). Alcohol impairs nutrient absorption by damaging the cells lining the stomach and intestines and disabling transport of some nutrients into the blood (3).In addition, nutritional deficiencies themselves may lead to further absorption problems. For example, folate deficiency alters the cells lining the small intestine, which in turn impairs absorption of water and nutrients including glucose, sodium, and additional folate (3). Even if nutrients are digested and absorbed, alcohol can prevent them from being fully utilized by altering their transport, storage, and excretion Even when food intake is adequate, alcohol can impair the mechanisms by which the body controls blood glucose levels, resulting in either increased or decreased blood glucose (glucose is the bodys principal sugar)Alcohol and the Nutrition. October 1993. Alcohol Alert. 22. 29 January 2008. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Disturbances of sleep lead to have on and sleepiness during the day. The more one drinks, the faster the person will fall asleep, but the likelihood of sleep disturbances increases. Alcohol consumed up to 6 hours before bedtime can affect sleep patterns, increasingthe longevity of disturbances alcohol causes in the bodys sleep cycles. Alcohol and Sleep. (2006). Loyola Marymount University. Studies of male-dominated occupations have described heavy drinking cultures in which workers use drinking to build solidarity and show conformity to the group (4,5). Some male-dominated occupations therefore tend to have high rates of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems. Alcohol and the Workplace. July 1999. Alcohol Alert. 44. 29 January 2008. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Myth The worst thing that can happen is that Ill pass out and have a hangover tomorrow. The fact is that death can and does occur from drinking too much alcohol. This is known as alcohol poisoning or acute alcohol intoxication and occurs when the level of alcohol in the body acts as a poison, causation death from the drug overdose. Another way that alcohol can cause death is due to alcohol related accidents, such as drunk driving, falls, and suicide. Myth People pass out from drinking all the time. Its nothing to worry about. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that works to slow down the heart rate, lower your blood pressure, and slow your breathing rate.Once your brain has been depressed enough by the alcohol, you pass out. Alcohol Myths. (2006). Loyola Marymount University. 30 January 2008. Based on published studies, Roizen (3) summarized the percentages of violent offenders who were drinking at the time of the offense as follows up to 86 percent of homicide offenders, 37 percent of assault offenders, 60 percent of sexual offenders, up to 57 percent of men and 27 percent of women involved in marital violence, and 13 percent of child abusers. Direct Effects of Alcohol.Alcohol may encourage aggression or violence by disrupting normal brain function. According to the disinhibition hypothesis, for exampl e, alcohol weakens brain mechanisms that normally restrain impulsive behaviors, including inappropriate aggression (5). By impairing information processing, alcohol can also lead a person to misjudge social cues, thereby overreacting to a perceived threat (6). Simultaneously, a narrowing of attention may lead to an inaccurate assessment of the future risks of acting on an immediate violent impulse (7) Alcohol, Violence, and Aggression. October 1997. Alcohol Alert. 38. 29 January 2008.National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The Dangers of Alcohol Alcohol is the third leading cause of mortality in the United States, and is responsible for approximately 100,000 preventable deaths per year. alcohol abuse can cause long term problems in virtually every organ system in your body including 4. Cancers of the mouth, throat, larynx, and esophagus 5. Stomach ulcers and bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract 6. Pancreatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, and liver cancer 7. Hypert ension, cardiac arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure8. Sexual dysfunction, including loss of libido and impotence 9. Peripheral nerve problems 10. Increased susceptibility to infections Berman, James. January 2003. Alcohol and drug addiction. University of Pennsylvania Health System. 29 January 2008 Alcohol (wine, beer, or liquor) is the leading known preventable cause of mental and physical birth defects in the United States. When a woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy, she risks giving birth to a child who will pay the price in mental and physical deficiencies for his or her entire life.Yet many pregnant women do drink alcohol. Its estimated that each year in the United States, 1 in every 750 infants is born with a pattern of physical, developmental, and functional problems referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), while another 40,000 are born with fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. 2008. Nemours Foundation. 30 January 2008. In the 1890 the Tempera nce movement swept across the United States preaching that alcohol was immoral and destroyed family life. This movement radically altered peoples viewsIn 1920 America saw prohibition in an effort to prevent the social problems caused by alcohol abuse. This caused a surge in gangster brawls as gangs fought to take control of distributing alcohol on the black market. However, this trend slowly started to alter as physicians started to link alcohol to a number of diseases and social problems. By the early 1900 Dr heraldic bearing documented the addictive behaviour of alcohol and in 1935 Alcoholic Anonymous was set up. History of Alcohol. (n. d). 30 January 2008 Alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death in teenagers. People who drink alcohol are more likely to engage in high-risk sexual behavior, have poor grades or job performance, use tobacco products, and experiment with illegal drugs. Long-term heavy drinking damages the liver, nervous system, heart, and brain. It also can lead to high blood pressure, stomach problems, medicine interactions, sexual problems, osteoporosis, and cancer. Nissl, Ian. 23 February 2007. Alcohol and Drug Problems. Peace Health. 29 January 2008. Alcohol triggers the release of dopamine a chemical which produces feelings of satisfaction. It also increases the production of the brains natural painkiller endorphin which scientists think could be the means by which the brain becomes trained to crave. Ryan, Caroline. Why alcohol is addictive. 15 March 2004. BBC News. 30 January 2008. http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/3537387. stm 73% reported feelings of anxiety, fear, and depression Heavy drinking at the workplace may potentially lower productivity.Sickness absences associated with harmful use of alcohol and alcohol dependence entails a substantial cost to employees and social security systems. There is ample evidence that people with alcohol dependence and problem drinkers have higher rates of sickn ess absence than other employees. lower performance, lack of self-direction and problems in personal relations were found to be related to heavy drinking, particularly when collateral reports were used. alcoholism has had adverse impacts on productivity in the workplace and increased absenteeism.It is estimated that drinking and alcoholism have reduced labor productivity by some 10% Drinking can impair performance as a parent, as spouse or partner, and as a reader to household functioning. In many societies, drinking may be carried out primarily outside the family and the home. Drinking also costs money and can impact upon resources particularly of a poor family, leaving other family members destitute. Scientific Facts on Alcohol. (2008). Green Facts. 29 January 2008. Americans during the time of the American Revolution, for the most part showed little concern over drunkenness, and spiritous liquors had become the greatest factors in colonial commerce. To expand the sale of beer, brewers expanded the number of saloons. Saloons proliferated. It was not uncommon to find one saloon for every 150 or 200 Americans, including those who did not drink. Hard-pressed to earn profits, saloonkeepers sometimes introduced vices such as gambling and prostitution into their establishments in an attempt to earn profits. Many Americans overturned saloons offensive, noxious institutionsProhibition in the United States was a measure designed to reduce drinking by eliminating the businesses that manufactured, distributed, and change alcoholic beverages. The Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution took away license to do business from the brewers, distillers, vintners, and the wholesale and retail sellers of alcoholic beverages. The bootleggers (named after the practice adopted by travelers in the Midwest in the 1880s, who concealed liquor in their boots when trading with Indians) began by importing booze over the Mexican and Canadian borders, and from the CaribbeanWhen Prohibition was repealed in 1933, an work out syndicate of organized crime, built on the multi-million dollar bootlegging industry, had survived. The American Mafia branched out into narcotics, gambling, prostitution, loan sharking and extortion, concerns they still control today. The History of Alcohol. (2005). Drug-Rehabs. org 30 January 2008. National prohibition of alcohol (1920-33)the noble experimentwas undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America.The results of that experiment clearly indicate that it was a miserable failure on all counts. Thornton, M. (1991). Alcohol prohibition was a failure. CATO institute. 30 January 2008. In the 1600 and 1700s, there were very few things available to drink. wizard did not want to take a lot of chances with the water and the unpasteurized milk of the time. Also, coffee and tea were expensive items, which left peo ple of the time with one alternative, alcohol.By the 1820s the average American was drinking 7 gallons of pure alcohol. Criminal groups organize around the steady source of income provided by laws against victimless crimes such as consuming alcohol or drugs, gambling and prostitution. In the process of providing goods and services those criminal organizations resort to real crimes in defense of sales terrorities, brand names, and labor contracts What in Americans history could lead to prohibition? (n. d). 30 January 2008. It is impossible to treat depression whilst someone is drinking as the alcohol has the opposite action to the drugs prescribed for depression and of course alcohol itself being a depressant may actually be causing the symptoms rather than treating them. If people find they are frequently using alcohol to cope with stressful and worrying situations in their lives then they may need to consider finding another way of dealing with stress or to face the problem and d eal with it rather than avoiding it.Alcohol cannot solve these problems and will always cause more problems of its own in terms of health and money etc. In situations such as bereavement or relationship break ups, it actually delays the healing process because the people arent giving themselves a chance to heal. Why Do People Drink Alcohol? (n. d) 30 January 2008. Suicide 3. One study showed that 40% of alcoholic women attempted to commit suicide, compared to 8. 8% of non-alcoholic women. 10 4.Younger women who are alcoholics are nearly twice as likely to attempt to commit suicide (50. 5%) than older women who are alcoholics (25. 5%). 10 Victimization13 2. 57% of female victims of intimate violence (i. e. , current or former spouses, boyfriends, etc. ) reported that the offender had been drinking at the time of the offense. 3. 62% of female victims of alcohol-related violence reported experiencing some form of injury. Women and Alcohol. (2006). Loyola Marymount University. 30 Janu ary 2008.

Vioxx Recall

IntroductionMerck, single of the worlds leading pharmaceutic food markets, had enjoyed a yen re readyation as one of medicate companies that prioritize honest and socially responsible as their companys main core out values. They once had been recognised as most admired company for unbelievably s even so successive years by Fortune magazine and excessively persistently listed as one of best companies to work for. With their flawless and honorable reputation, no wonder Merck ranked fourth in sales, fifth in assets and market values, and first in mesh where they earned $7.33 billion in 2005 (Lawrence, 2006).How perpetually, no one would have thought that aboutday, this companys stability go away be in questioned. Thats what happened in 2004. The companys best-selling prescription painkiller, rofecoxib turned out from a blockbuster drug to blockbuster disaster when it is believed that it increased the risk of sum attacks and strokes. Consequently, Merck had to deal with many challenges the plunge in the stocks price, lawsuits, investigations and others. Until, in September 2004, Merck had to pull Vioxx off the market to focus on taking responsibilities for every trouble they have caused. This report will discuss in summary about what had happened the behavior ofMerck towards risk associated with Vioxx, preventative measures that should have been taken, the recall of Vioxx and some recommendations which all will be explained further later on.Socially Responsible and Ethical MannerThis function will focus on the action of Merck whether they have acted ethical and socially responsible with regard to Vioxx, and these actions will be addressed in terms of drug development and testing, marketing and advertising, relationships with government regulators and policy makers, and the handling of the recall. Also, this section will provide a few suggestions what could or should Merck have done differently, if anything. George W. Merck, the companys long-time CE O once said that, We try never to immobilize that medicine is for the people, not for the profits. As long as we mobiliseed that, the profits will follow they never fail to appear. This statement because decided to be set as their priority and guidance for every of their actions. However, did they really have acted ethical and socially responsible towards this value? No, theyre not. Why?Drug increase and TestingLets take a look at the situation first. Back in the old days before the drug was approved, there atomic number 18 some doubt on the safety of prescribing Vioxx. Although it is still in the early stage, research made by Merck scientist suggests that there ar high cardiovascular risks associated with the prescription of Vioxx. This was confirm as stated in an e-mail by Dr. Alise Reicin (one of the Merck scientists), according to The Wall Street Journal. In the e-mail, she expressed her concerns in the possibility of cardiovascular events prior to prescribing Vioxx.She in any case had planned to communicate those results to her senior management however, nixs happened. In 2000 (when Vioxx already in market), a research financed by Merck was actioned. This study code-named vitality was designed to study gastrointestinal side effects by comparing it with the effects of taking naproxen (Aleve). The results of VIGOR later suggest that although Vioxx are easier on the stomach compared to naproxen, it also contribute to risks of suffering heart-attacks fives time higher.However, they denied the risks inherent in Vioxx by just stating that the findings were in favor of theheart-protective effect in naproxen. In 9 March 2000, Dr. Edward Scolnick the companys research director finally admitted the presence of cardiovascular risks inherent in Vioxx. Then, they considering to reformulate Vioxx by adding an agent to prevent blood clots (in the meantime, might reduce cardiovascular risk), but somehow, they dropped the project. Analyzing from the situation above, clearly that Merck have not acted ethical and socially responsible in the Vioxxs development and testing.Why? Here are the reasons. At first, if Merck already k new about Vioxxs dangers and defects, especially in the development phase, they should never ever try to even put the drug in the market for prescription. Instead, they should finance and urge their research or scientist team to try reformulating the drug so that the hurtful side effects fundament be removed, or at the very least, minimized. As for the results of VIGOR where Vioxx was already there in the market, they should not denied whatever test or research that have been made and was proven to be true. Alternatively, Merck should have taken the drug off the market right then and explored other options to improve the drug. 2.2 Marketing and advertisingAs a fact, the advertising proficiency used by Merck and other drug companies at that time was Direct-to-Consumer (DTC). Granted by the FDA in 1997, this techniqu e allows companies to directly advertise their prescriptions to respective target customers. To seize the opportunities, Merck then employed tens of thousands of sales representatives mostly attractive young men and women. These people will then go to promote the drugs often around the doctors offices where they will talk about the drugs and give out free sample.Aside of that, Merck also snatch the occasion by placing many ads on television, magazines and newspapers. One example of famous ad for Vioxx will be the ad featuring Olympic figure skating champion, Dorothy Hamill. In the ad, she slither elegantly across an outdoor ice rink, and later telling the commercial viewers that she would not let arthritis stop her. By all means, Merck did not act in an ethical manner in this term too. Why? Firstly, it does not communicate the full aspects of the products well enough no message regarding the safety precaution. This is illustrated in the Dorothys commercial, where the ad did not con vey their message strong enough about it safety.It is afraid might exposed patients to prescribewithout having knowledge about the medicines, whether it is safe or not. Thus, what Merck could do differently is that, they should disseminate the full features about the drug, especially if the drug does inherent some risk in prescribing it. In addition they can also convey the message simply by labeling or tag the bottle of the drug with some safety and precaution measures. In terms of DTC advertising, they should not put pressures on the doctors, because this might forced these doctors to recommend drugs that might not suitable for the patients. One way to deal with this approach is to forbid companies from giving gift or other forms of briberies in attempt to persuade doctors to bring their drugs to the attention of patients since this is what Merck do behind the door.Relationships with government regulators and policymakersBack in the United States, the main body that regulate and c onduct clinical trials to measure the safety and effectivenesss of a drug before it can be sold to the public was the Food and Drug brass section (FDA). To relate with this context, one of the reason why Merck became the leader in pharmaceutical industries is because its strong influence at the top. By lobbying, Merck and other drug companies consistently donate large sums of money to political parties, and this benefits them in terms of influence they had over some superiors, even at the FDA.The unethical actions of Merck were demonstrated during the one-by-one find of Vioxxs bad side effects where Merck keeps ignore the findings over and over again with various excuses. It is undisputable that such actions might be simply because those influences they thought they had over the regulators. If analyzed carefully, their actions in handling the controversy might be influenced by the notion of bribe they have done over the recent years where they donate money to political parties. T hus, the act of so-called donation should be prohibited (fortunately, it was banned in 2003).Handling of the recallThough Merck consistently irresponsible socially and ethically in the way they dealt with the Vioxx situation, the handling of Vioxx recall from the pharmaceutical market seems to be managed appropriately and in a professional manner by Merck. On September 30, 2004, Vioxx was officially withdrawn from market associated with Merck press conference. In addition, Merck also revealed that the Vioxx issue was being investigated by the US rightness Department, the Securities Exchange Commission and the US Congress. In this context, the only thing that Merck should have done differently is that whenever they found out any risk associated with their drugs, they shouldnt appreciation any longer, even for one week, to withdraw their drugs out of the market.Rate of stakeholdersIn this section, the focus will be converged on the best ways to protect consumers of prescription medic ines. This section also will outline what are the specific roles of stakeholders available in insure the safety and effectiveness of prescription medicines. And by the term stakeholders available, explanation of the roles will be viewed from four perspectives of pharmaceutical companies, government regulators and policymakers, patients and their physicians and the court system of rules.Pharmaceutical companiesNot just Merck, other pharmaceutical companies also should realize that they have a huge responsibility to batten the safety of their respective customers, so that it can benefits themselves in return. As for Merck, who having try to never to forget that medicine is for the people, not for the profits as their touchstone of core values, they should have been a better pharmaceutical companies in defend their consumers. How? There are various ways to do so.First and foremost, and the most basic one is to remember the idea that medicines is for people, not for the profit. As l ong as they put people first, it is possible that customers will keep their loyalty with the company. Aside of that, companies also should realize that they are accountable to conduct more research and testing on their drugs before it can be placed in a market so that nothing bad happened to their customers in the future. In addition, if their drugs do possess some risks in consuming it, at least put some warning or safety labels so that patients aware of that risk before prescribing it. 3.2 Government regulators and policymakersThis might be harsh, but the fact that all the problems occurred in the case of Merck and Vioxx are not just because of them alone, but the FDA too. IfFDA pays more attention, awareness and inspect on the safety of Vioxx more rigorously, Vioxx may not be in the market at all, and thus might save peoples life. As a lesson, the following recommendations might help government to not let the analogous thing happened.First, drug-area regulators should ensure all new drugs that are going to be released to the public have been tested long enough and proven to be safe. In addition, all government regulators and policymakers in the field of pharmaceutical industries also should bear in estimation that they have a huge responsibility in protecting the public against any harmful and risky drugs, so that they will not go easy on the companies that do not abide the law.Patients and their physiciansAside of government and pharmaceutical companies, consumers also should know their responsibility in protecting themselves against various harmful and risks associated with prescription medicines. One way to ensure the effectiveness and safety of a drug before prescribes it, is by looking for extra information about the prescription medicines. Consumers can do that by asking for opinion from their physicians and other experts, or even by accessing Internet. This way, patients will have the knowledge whether the drugs is harmful or not. On the other hand , physicians should be more aware against any types of bribes and kept in mind to avoid it no matter what, and be more honest to their patients to guide them about the safety of prescription medicines.The court systemTo protect consumers of prescription medicines, what the court system can do is to be more strict in the jurisdiction against any company that do not abide the law in assuring the safety of drugs, and zero tolerance with those who attempt to involve in briberies.Suggestion for ImprovementsPrior to this case study, it can be said that the main reasons why there are so many risky and harmful drugs in market are because the pressures put on the FDA to approve new drugs faster by consumers and drug companies alike. This led the FDA to sometimes overlook the risk and safety of certain drugs because of the pressure to meet the demands for these medicines. In this context, one of the changes that can be made is the FDA should extend thetime of approval of new drugs so that any necessary research can be made. This thus led to a better knowledge about the safety of the drugs before it can be sold into a market.Aside of that, DTC advertising system also need to be monitored continuously so that any acts of bribe such as gift, donation, etc. can be avoided. Lastly, it is suggested that all present system that regulates the law and policy of pharmaceutical industries to put some restrictions and even punishment for those companies that simply do not comply with the standards set.ConclusionThrough the case study, it can be said that Merck was indeed a successful company in their time. Although their low-point period was kept in the eye of the wedge more than whatever success, honors, and recognition they did achieved before, Merck should be more appreciated for whatever great things that they have done in the past years. If only Merck do perseverance a little bit and not to rush with the introduction of Vioxx instead they spent a longer time in minimizing t he risks inherent in Vioxx to a much more safer, it is possible that Merck might continue to be one of the most successful company in todays world.Unfortunately, the past cannot be changed. What was left for Merck now is to build back their image, but its all depends on the company itself. Should or shouldnt they? Of course they should. Everybody merited a second chance. Yes, Merck did not act socially and in ethical manner before, but if they do get back to do what they were used to do of course, without all those illegal and immoral behavior, comeback sure to follow.

Hitler’s foreign policy successes between 1936 and 1939 Essay

Hitlers exotic policy successes among 1936 and 1939 rested on his remarkable tactical adroitnesss and ability to rap his opponents namby-pambynesses? Discuss this view.Many of Hitlers foreign policy aims had been recorded since the publication of Mein Kampf, but none of his plans had any time scale to them. His unless concept of time appeared to be that he wanted war by 1942, in fear of an arms race with the likes of Britain and France, resulting in Ger legion(predicate) no extensiveer prop the upper roll as well as, he was under the impression that he would face his profess death close to this time. It appears that, despite his aims having been impersonate in stone for many years, Hitler was quite an opportunist, grabbing at fortunate circumstances rather than planning. Very little tactical skill or exploitation appeared to go into any of his swear outs (with minor exceptions) he just appeared to assume that most things would work out to his expectations regardless. Lu ckily for Hitler, this often appeared to be this case but rarely via the means which he intended.A long running aim of Hitlers was to overturn the Treaty of Versailles, of which the first step was made towards by the reoccupation and militarisation of the Rhineland. The Rhineland was Frances greatest barrier between itself and the German threat, and so it would be fair to assume that they would be far more than just keen to retain its demilitarised state. However, when France signed the Franco-Soviet pact, Hitler deemed that it had broken the Locarno treaty, and so used this as reasoning to reoccupy the Rhineland.The reoccupation in itself was a huge gamble the German army was still nonably weak at this portend, and any opposition from France would result in them having to withdraw immediately. Nonetheless, Hitler disregarded the opinion of his generals ( all in all of whom were opposed to the move), and ordered German forces into the Rhineland on 7th March, 1936, to be met by no opposition whatsoever. There was a gnomish sum up of protest from Britain and France, but as Hitler had presumed, they were unwilling to take any real action against him. France was war weary Britain was suffering economically and concerned with the demur of their empire in the east. Hitler had further reason for believing this move would be a successful one. Little action had been taken by the League of Nations at Manchuria in 1931, and they were unlikely to taken any at this point either also, Germany now benefited from friendly relations with Italy, pursuance Hitlers support for the invasion of Abyssinia. calming on Britains part had also played a roll in convincing Hitler his actions were achievable. The 1935 Anglo-German naval agreement had effectively broken the Stresa front, showing him that he could successfully push boundaries. Although all these moves came down to being a series of fortunate circumstances (except good relations with Italy something Hitler had long strived for), a low amount of skill went into this move. Hitler aimed to isolate France (namely by deny it of its allies) to make many of his aims simpler, and started to do so by achieving the German-Polish non aggression pact. This broke the little entente, and began to drive a twitch into Europe. This aside however, the reoccupation of the Rhineland was a minimally planned gamble, and by no means a show of uncomplete skill nor exploitation.On 5th November 1937, a hole-and-corner(a) meeting took place at the Reichstag chancellery in Berlin, the minutes of which would come to be known as the Hossbach Memorandum. It was here that Hitler outlined his more drastic future foreign policy aims (including plans for expansion into Eastern Europe), and the strategies by which he would contact them. It stated his desire to annex Austria and to crush Czechoslovakia, and the need for war within the neighboring cardinal years, to avoid an arms race with two hate inspired antagonists Bri tain and France.His strategy for moving into east Europe was via a series of small wars to benefit the German economy which, in its strive for autarky, was overheating and struggling. It was a radical move at the time Hitlers previous actions had been hidden under a veil of nationalism, and were never outwardly Nazi. However, there was no real plan. There may well select been a strategy that being, the series of small wars but no real time scale or method. It would appear that Hitler, as with the reoccupation of the Rhineland, was intending to grab at opportunities as they arose, rather than tactically planning his actions.Hitlers next territorial move was to achieve the annexation of Austria. This had already been once attempt in 1934, but failed and left bad relations with Italy, and Hitler had denied all involvement. Regardless, the flake attempt of Anschluss was barely planned, and its success was owed greatly to the improvisations offered by Herman Goering.Due to the dis ruption being caused by Austrian Nazis, Chancellor Schuschnigg requested a meeting with Hitler. prehend the opportunity before him, Hitler took the chance to bully Schuschnigg, who emerged from the meeting with more Nazis being allowed into to parliament, the freedom of Nazi prisoners and Seyss-Inquart as interior minister quite the opposite to what he had intended to achieve. It would seem that Hitler, rather than exploiting a weakness, had instead created one in his opponent. At this point, it appeared to Hitler that Germany may well be able to hold dominance over Austria without even the need for an official annexation. However, to his anger, Schuschnigg called for a referendum upon his return to Austria, in which he asked the people to affirm their support for Austrian impendence.Allowing this referendum to take place could fork out spelt bad news for the possibility of Anschluss a negative result on Hitlers part would make it far more difficult to achieve the union. As the referendum was so unexpected, there was no plan from this point onwards. Hitler began to exert pressure through right-wing Austrian parliament members, demanding that the referendum be cancelled and that Seyss-Inquart tack Schuschnigg as Chancellor. From here on however, Herman Goering became the man of the hour. He threatened President Miklas with German invasion unless Schuschnigg was allowed to resign (which, under pressure, he did), and also set(p) a telegram from Seyss-Inquart, inviting the German army to enter Austria to preserve law and order.Consequently, German troops entered Austria on 12th March 1938. Evidently, little skill was played by Hitler here had it not been for Goerings intervention, Hitler and his lack of plan may have been faced with another failed Anschluss. Hitler merely assumed no action would be taken against him by the westboundern allies, for much the same reasons with the Rhineland, and it would be fair to assume that he had expected Schuschnigg to si mply give in to his demands. In this situation, Goering was the one displaying tactical skill, and not Hitler.Following the fortunate success of Anschluss, Hitler was encouraged to push forwards to Czechoslovakia. His first aim was the predominately German speaking Sudetenland, which he hoped to seclude by means of a small war. He was to be faced by Neville Chamberlain and his policy of appeasement however, with whom he met on 15th kinsfolk 1938, at Berteschgaden. Here, Hitler demanded the swift takeover of the Sudetenland, with threat of military action. No visible plan from Hitler here it appears that he hoped to gain what he desired by threats and pressure. Following discussions between Britain and France, it was agreed that areas of over 50% German population within the Sudetenland would be handed over to Hitler, without so much as the formality of a plebiscite. see that he had the upper hand, and knowing that Britain and France were reluctant to go to war (particularly over Czechoslovakia), Hitler rejected this agreement at his second meeting with Chamberlain on 22nd September 1938, on the grounds that it would take too long to implement. Instead, he demanded that the German army be able to occupy the Sudetenland within 2 geezerhood (claiming that the Czechs were slaughtering Sudeten Germans), and that the Czechs met the territorial demands of Poland and Hungary. Benes rejected these demands, and rebelled against Anglo- french pressure, ordering military mobilisation.On 26th September, Hitler gave the Czechs 24 hours to agree to hand over the Sudetenland before 1st October. The situation at this point looked as though war was on the horizon. Although this was what Hitler had wanted, he had only wanted a local war with Czechoslovakia not a continental one. Still set on avoiding war, Chamberlain asked Mussolini to arrange another meeting with Hitler. The meeting was held at Munich, between Hitler, Daladier, Chamberlain and Mussolini, where it was agree d that Germany military occupation of the Sudetenland would be phased over 1st-10th October. The Czechs were told to accept these agreements or urge alone.It would seem Hitler had a lot of thanks to give to Chamberlain and his policy of appeasement. Had he not been faced with this, Hitler would have sent German forces into the Sudetenland with minimal planning or direction. France had military ties with Czechoslovakia, as did Russia (which came into effect only if the French honoured their commitments) although the likelihood of France taking any action was unlikely, it was not impossible, and Hitler may well have been faced absolute other forms of opposition. Besides, Chamberlain had handed him exactly what he desired on a silver platter anyway and in turn, left open a opening to the rest of a somewhat defenceless Czechoslovakia. Although this was a great foreign policy success for Hitler, there was practically no means for him to exert neither tactical skill nor exploitation a nyway. As ever, he gained exactly what he had set out for just through unexpected means.Despite a weak agreement made at Munich to respect the territorial integrity of what was left of Czechoslovakia, Hitler made military plans for an attack on its remains within days of the agreement.He encouraged Poland, Hungary and Romania to demand territory from Czechoslovakia, and the Slovaks to demand autonomy. In February 1939, Hitler met with the Slovak leader Bela Tuka, telling him to demand complete separation from Czechoslovakia. President Hacha responded by declaring martial war to fork up to prevent the break-up, but Hitler retaliated with demands that Slovakia declare its independence, or it would be taken over by Hungary. The Slovak government complied and, in desperation, Hacha visited Hitler seeking help to retain the remnants of a broken Czechoslovakia. Wasting no opportunity, Hitler demanded for Czechoslovakia be split a number of hours afterwards, Hacha gave into the demands. On 15th March, German troops marched on Prague, and Bohemia-Moravia became a German protectorate. The following day, Slovakia asked for German protection, leading to it becoming a satellite state.Although a situation which was somewhat handed to him as a result of the Munich agreement, some degree of tactical skill was evidently used in bringing down the rest of Czechoslovakia. As a country of various nationalities, Hitler could see an opportunity to create a great divide amongst them, and used this to his advantage. Knowing Hacha wanted to preserve what of Czechoslovakia he could, Hitler exploited him by offering him only the options of German attack or to hand over Bohemia-Moravia. In addition to this, Slovakia was left in such a state of disruption anyway that it became under heavily German influence. For once, Hitler had used his own skill to gain territory, and did so without a single shot being fired and barely any opposition.Poland was next on Hitlers territorial take up lis t, but it was unlikely to come as easily as his previous gains. Following the fall of Prague, there had been a change in mood from the west towards Hitler he could no longer be trusted. No longer would his desires be handed to him tactical skill was needed if Poland were to be successfully claimed.Ribbentrop had already attempted to negotiate a deal with the Poles by offering them guarantees of their borders and the possibility of gains in the Soviet Ukraine if they were to give up Danzig however, fearful of Soviet response, the Polish government did not want to become involved in such a deal with Germany. In January 1939, Hitler met with Beck, the Polish foreign minister, where he added a demand for a German road/rail link across the Polish Corridor. To Hitlers surprise, the Poles refused the demand, as they were unwilling to become a German satellite state British and French guarantees of support had made the Poles less inclined give in to German pressure at the expense of their independence. Around spring of 1939 however, it was becoming clear to Hitler that antisubmarine action against Poland needed to be taken.Diplomatic bridges were formed with Bulgaria, Hungary and Yugoslavia, whilst non-aggression pacts were signed with Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. This was Hitlers means of preparing for war with Poland, which was extended by the surprising Nazi-Soviet pact, of 23rd marvelous 1939, forged by Ribbentrop. As ideological enemies, it was an unlikely move, but one that Hitler saw advantage to. Both countries had lost lands to Poland following WW1, and uniting would provide a huge threat to Poland on both fronts, and, in Hitlers eyes, it isolated Poland from her allies (as he assumed Britain and France would not commit to their guarantees).The pact itself agreed that for the next 10 years, they would remain neutral if the other attacked a third party, and also contained a secret protocol, providing for the partition of Poland and creating Nazi and Sovi et spheres of influence in east Europe. To Hitler, this had all been a great success not only was he in a great for the invasion of Poland, but also for the invasion of Russia later on. German troops entered Poland on 1st September 1939, and to Hitlers dismay, Britain and France declared war on 3rd September.The road leading up to the invasion of Poland shows that Hitler could correct tactical skill and exploitation to good use when required. Forging relations with the Baltic republics and small east European nations left Poland with little to no German opposition surrounding it, but Ribbentrops Nazi-Soviet pact was by far the most effective tactic against Poland. It allowed both a great offensive against Poland, and a thoroughfare to the invasion of Russia in the future. As with the Anschluss of 1938, this was a great success in foreign policy but not, for the most part, thanks to himself.It is clear to see that Hitlers foreign policy success rarely laid thanks to his own skil l, exploitation or tactful planning, particularly prior to the fall of Prague. Although these feats would unlikely have been achievable without any display of skill, Hitler was very fortunate that the situations around him played well into his hands, such as Britains insistence on appeasement concerning the Sudeten crisis. Hitler also owed a lot of thanks to the likes of Ribbentrop and Goering, each who stepped in and allowed some of the successes to happen. The success of Hitlers foreign policies between 1936 and 1939 did not rest on him at all they merely benefited from his actions, the aid of those around him, and the situations which created them.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

English Essay Oscar Wildes novel is an extended metaphor that reinforces his idea that There is no such thing as a honourable or humble view as. In The Picture Of Dorian venerable his view is very contradictory. His theory is reinforced through the forms in Dorians personality, the yellow carry A Rebours (against nature) which was one of the most essential novels during the decadence period, which was given to Dorian gray-headed by Lord heat content. Consequently, raceway us to the corruption of Dorian Gray and his inevitable death. Dorians change in personality reinforces Oscar Wildes idea.This is because Dorian is living a recapitulate life, and in regards to the novel elements of his good and bad side is given. This is shown with hints in the novel and shows the exemplary tale of the novel. As his friends, such as Lord Henry try to spoil his beautiful nature one of his closest friend Basil was guarded this was going to turn young Dorian from good to evil. Wilde doe s this to show how Dorians lifestyle can be corrupted honorablely and immorally, as things such as the painting make him accomplish the things he always valued accepting pleasures moral or immorally.In spite of this, Lord Henry threatens Dorians fear of the painting losing beauty. Wilde uses this scenario that challenges his idea, because as Dorian is in eternal fear of his loss of beauty this links in with Wilde himself as he wants to be like Dorian Wilde is always cautious of presenting his homosexuality within the bulk because the society didnt practice it. Nevertheless he clearly states his desires for men in the book which doesnt reinforce his idea as they ar immoral feelings that argon represented. The influence of the yellow book is fundamental to Oscar Wildes idea.This is because Lord Henry gives the book to Dorian Gray and once Dorian has read this book he starts to get thoughts in his head which corrupts his mind. Thus shown in the novel as the yellow book as Dorian is now starting to bring to pass influenced by it showing the book has a moral, but the feelings in the novel that are present are immoral. Wilde uses this poisonous yellow book to represent his esthetic sensations without the concern of what the society will think, as the yellow book reveals aesthetic sensations that links to decadence because the end of novel ends in gothic fashion due to the influence of the yellow book.By doing this, this doesnt reinforce his idea because it shows that if you believe in something its bound to have a moral like the moral book so his idea is yet again contradicted. The corruption of Dorian Gray is consequent to the things I have identified and challenges Oscar Wildes idea. This is because as Oscar Wilde starts to show the reader Dorians corrupt soul much and more end-to-end the book as he give ways crimes and makes the one he loved commit suicide.By showing us Dorians corrupt soul more through the book it gives the reader a sense that there is a moral to it because no one can be once an almost double-dyed(a) human being to a criminal almost who neglects his close friends without a meaning behind it. Thus going against Oscar Wildes idea because his book was found on getting homo erotic views across so he must be presenting something that has meaning for example Dorians beauty and how it lead to his corruption. All of these elements contradict Oscar Wildes approach towards this book.His constant use of Dorian and his changed personality and the yellow book doesnt reinforce his idea very easy at all. In spite of this perhaps Oscar Wilde could be presenting these ideas on map to give his analytical side to his idea. A good example is the yellow book once Dorian read the book his mind state changed because he believed the words and the moral behind the book. Therefore this could lead to Oscar Wildes intention that books are influencing to people if they believe it from the start.He wants to tell us that if you think boo ks are moral youll be influence by them. This is a result to why Oscar Wildes novel is so contradictory today he uses all the elements in the book which makes people believe in the book thereby creating a moral and some others who dont agree with his view and his explicit behaviour wont believe in the book meaning the novel has no meaning making it have no moral which is why he presents Dorian, the yellow book and his corruption in such a way.The Picture of Dorian GrayEnglish Essay Oscar Wildes novel is an extended metaphor that reinforces his idea that There is no such thing as a moral or immoral book. In The Picture Of Dorian Gray his view is very contradictory. His theory is reinforced through the changes in Dorians personality, the yellow book A Rebours (against nature) which was one of the most important novels during the decadence period, which was given to Dorian Gray by Lord Henry. Consequently, leading us to the corruption of Dorian Gray and his inevitable death. Dorians c hange in personality reinforces Oscar Wildes idea.This is because Dorian is living a double life, and in regards to the novel elements of his good and bad side is shown. This is shown with hints in the novel and shows the cautionary tale of the novel. As his friends, such as Lord Henry attempted to spoil his beautiful nature one of his closest friend Basil was cautious this was going to turn young Dorian from good to evil. Wilde does this to show how Dorians lifestyle can be corrupted morally and immorally, as things such as the painting make him accomplish the things he always wanted accepting pleasures moral or immorally.In spite of this, Lord Henry threatens Dorians fear of the painting losing beauty. Wilde uses this scenario that challenges his idea, because as Dorian is in constant fear of his loss of beauty this links in with Wilde himself as he wants to be like Dorian Wilde is always cautious of presenting his homosexuality within the book because the society didnt practice i t. Nevertheless he clearly states his desires for men in the book which doesnt reinforce his idea as they are immoral feelings that are represented. The influence of the yellow book is fundamental to Oscar Wildes idea.This is because Lord Henry gives the book to Dorian Gray and once Dorian has read this book he starts to get thoughts in his head which corrupts his mind. Thus shown in the novel as the yellow book as Dorian is now starting to become influenced by it showing the book has a moral, but the feelings in the novel that are present are immoral. Wilde uses this poisonous yellow book to represent his aesthetic sensations without the concern of what the society will think, as the yellow book reveals aesthetic sensations that links to decadence because the end of novel ends in gothic fashion due to the influence of the yellow book.By doing this, this doesnt reinforce his idea because it shows that if you believe in something its bound to have a moral like the moral book so his i dea is yet again contradicted. The corruption of Dorian Gray is consequent to the things I have identified and challenges Oscar Wildes idea. This is because as Oscar Wilde starts to show the reader Dorians corrupt soul more and more throughout the book as he commits crimes and makes the one he loved commit suicide.By showing us Dorians corrupt soul more through the book it gives the reader a sense that there is a moral to it because no one can be once an almost perfect human being to a criminal almost who neglects his close friends without a meaning behind it. Thus going against Oscar Wildes idea because his book was based on getting homo erotic views across so he must be presenting something that has meaning for example Dorians beauty and how it lead to his corruption. All of these elements contradict Oscar Wildes approach towards this book.His constant use of Dorian and his changed personality and the yellow book doesnt reinforce his idea very well at all. In spite of this perhaps Oscar Wilde could be presenting these ideas on purpose to give his analytical side to his idea. A good example is the yellow book once Dorian read the book his mind state changed because he believed the words and the moral behind the book. Therefore this could lead to Oscar Wildes intention that books are influencing to people if they believe it from the start.He wants to tell us that if you think books are moral youll be influence by them. This is a result to why Oscar Wildes novel is so contradictory today he uses all the elements in the book which makes people believe in the book thereby creating a moral and some others who dont agree with his view and his explicit behaviour wont believe in the book meaning the novel has no meaning making it have no moral which is why he presents Dorian, the yellow book and his corruption in such a way.

Universities should accept equal numbers of male

This wildflower trends in society, in which the world outside education is a fairer one adjacent defeatists movements. In ground of ability, women are Just as capable of allowing any radicals men and should be given the opportunity to do so. In academic terms a mixed calloused be a balanced one. On the other hand, university seats shouldnt be allocated according to gender butchering to other factors wish well demand and supply for a particular course or meeting entertainments.Some courses Like teaching have a large number of fe virile applicants helicopters whitethorn not be so popular. I think this has to do with personal preferences rather tonsorial conditioning. Perhaps choosing student based on entry prerequisite may even work infamous of womanly students who tend to do better at school than their male underpants. I believe the subject a student wishes to follow is a personal choice. Universities should bewailing to accept students on their academic ability and skills and n ot on their gender. Classless to courses should be provided to all applicants.Rather than exclude homogeneously from an important area such as education, they should be motivated undercharged to take part based on their merit. From the evidence of developing countries, the number of students with various subjects in the university Is far higher but the major factor Is equal demand In the field of differentiability. It Is difficult to keep parity of any subject for the system In university. However, In my view, students both male and female should have entitled to access In versusetc rather than being an equal number of genders In every subject.It is undoubtedly true universities are now full of crowded in order for the need of transferable subject. Therefore, most of the students often prefer most demanding subject likeliness course, psychology course and so on. In that case, administration assesses adequately of the students, which is good judgment in order to empower equally bot h male manhandle. Female or male will be the candidate for a course by the selection procedure. If maintained parity, brighten male or female students may go out of estimate.On the other hand, there are a good number of subjects which are always dominated by tablemates, art and jut out course and nursing course are the example. If the administrations to fill up these fields by the males but remains vacant at the last. Different subjective heterogeneous demand according to the gender allocation. But every student gets provided same opportunities. In conclusion, I believe that students should not be deferred only by to disinvest someone eventide good experience.

Parenting: Abuse and Neglect Essay

Introduction The solemn responsibility of being p atomic number 18nts to a baby bird is grave, and the consequences be immense should they thoughtlessness in any of the areas of set uphood. On the contrary, when it comes to deliberately hurting a sister, or causing damage to their head teacher as a person, the term failure would not be adequate or appropriate to let out its effects. Whether abusing or neglecting a small person, studies reveal that the results are almost the same the destructive effects are colossal and prevailing for almost all of the rest of the squirts life. This paper attempts to describe, explain and matter various factors that point to parental debauch and neglect. It argues that though neglect and corrupt may not collapse the same exact results or degree to the churl or victim, both exhibit dire outcomes in the overall functioning and existence of the life of the babe.Problem teaching The following statements of the problem guide the focalisat ion of this study with the succeeding chapter providing the description towards these problem statements. Answers to the problems are incorporated in the analysis and discussion of the findings and results.Statement of the ProblemWhat is parenting wickedness?What is parenting neglect and the manners that parents show or demonstrate this negative aspect in a childs life?What are the facts to consider regarding family factors, the victim, and the perpetrator on the problem? methodology The researcher utilized the convenience and accessibility of the World Wide Web and/or the internet, other books and journals usable to the researcher.III. Analysis and Discussion of Findings and Results of studyParenting Abuse. As cited by Dr. Richard Gardner in the American Journal of Family Therapy (Gardner, 2002p.6), parental mistreat may take many and varied forms. Some of them are subtle and may be real difficult to identify especially when proving them in the court of law. However, parental a buse occurs when a parent treats a child in a manner that results in physical injury, emotional or psychological harm, or anything that might cause the child to be findd to serious panics such as deprivation of required parental benefits which eventually results in lifelong incapacity in the life of the child (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Whipple and Webster-Stratton, 1991). When the parent abuses his/her position of trust, that of being the childs guardian and care ease upr, the consequent result are maltreatment and exploitation. This is, basically, parenting abuse. maternal(p) Neglect. What is parenting neglect, and what are its manifestations or the manners that parents show or demonstrate this negative treatment of a child? paternal neglect is decidedly a form of parental abuse. It is defined as a thin of the fundamental responsibilities on the part of parent, or parents, to erect for the childs emotional, psychological, and physical development. When parents fail to provide an atmo sphere where a child can feel loved, wanted, and sheltered within home environment, parental neglect is taking place. If the parents are constantly physically unavailable, or physically present but inattentive to the childs legitimate needs, they are essentially abandoning their primary duty as guardians. Although not easily place as physical assault, parental neglect is equally serious and as damaging to a child ((Hay, Tom. 1997 in Rodgers, 1994, p. 14).Factors that Contribute to the Overall Set-up of Abuse. Facts point to many factors that must be considered when dealing with parental abuse and neglect. Family Factors. Child abuse happens anywhere in the population regardless of socio-economic status of the neighborhood. It occurs even when the family is religious or totally agnostic, or in families from culturally diverse backgrounds. Nonetheless, studies reveal the greater tendency for those coming from the commence economic echelon to experience neglect ((Hay, Tom. 1997 in Tr ocme et al., pp.94-98). There is a higher incidence too, for physical abuse (but not so much with emotional abuse) among the poverty stricken (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Jones and K. McCurdy, 1992, pp. 201-215). Unemployment in the family system is a contributor to stress which results to the likelihood of ill-treatment ((Hay, Tom. 1997 in Krishnan and Morrison, 1995, pp. 101-113). The Victim. As early as in prenatal stage, abuse can take place. If a pregnant mother is alcohol or drug user, it poses a real threat to the child in the womb. The tendency of the baby to be born with birth defects is real high and might cause retardation in physical or mental assumeth. The high threat that is posed to a child in the belly of a self-destructive mother cannot be underestimated. If perhaps the child is successfully carried to its full term, damage has already been done by consistent substance abuse. The usual objects of abuse are children preschoolers and infants (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Hegar et al ., 1994, pp. 170-183). It might be that because children are naturally weak, they are predisposed to maltreatments, and are often overlooked by parents when arguing which at times culminate in aggression. As is constantly the case, children are the ultimate victims in abusive homes. The Abuser. As often is the case, parents who are abusive were themselves abused in their childhood years. Many of this kind are not ready for family life. They get none or miniature enjoyment from their experience as parents. These tend to isolate themselves from their community and have a way of supreme their families which is unnatural. The way they manage their households is through authoritarian means. Experts noted that abusive parents are usually afraid to expose themselves or be vulnerable, and are emotionally weak and therefore unable to ask for help or punt from social work organizations, or at least from concerned relatives (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Caliso and Milner, 1994, pp. 27-44).Conclusion and Recommendations Because of the change magnitude number of cases of child clasp in courts, rules and regulations as to who will be the rightful custodian of the child in contest are several times expanded. The pros and cons of different sides of the issues are weighed carefully and from these amendments came the existing rapprochement of tender-years presumption, best-interests-of-the-child presumption, and the joint- tutelary concept. It is assumed that because mothers are female, and therefore naturally more doting to their children, they are viewed as inherently ruin than men when it comes to child-rearing. This is the presupposition under the tender-years presumption. And so, because of this heavy leaning of the law on the side of the mothers, the father seeking for the manpower of his child must present convincing proofs to the court of the deficiencies on the part of the mother for the court to give some consideration in transferring to the father primary custodial stat us.Here enters the best-interests-of-the-child presumption. It ignores gender in custodial considerations. Instead, its focus is on the capacities of both parents in raising the child. Factors are carefully considered, especially those that relate to the childs best interests. Often, fathers are on the advantageous side in this argument and have greater opportunity to secure primary custody status. The decade of 80s has witnessed a burgeoning of child custody litigations and it was during this decade that the joint-custodial concept has plump the prevailing trend in matters of child guardianship. While courts of law has become sharper, and should I say, fairer, in meting out its judgment on child custody, it nonetheless created unintentionally a problem resulting from the constant amending and polishing of regulations in child custodianship. Parents in disputes, have now learned (either one of them or both) to manipulate and program the child to become alienated to the other parent . Experts call this problem Parental monomania Syndrome.A parent who has the upper hand learns to scheme and make the child hostile to the estranged spouse in order to enhance his/her position in the course of the proceedings. PAS is a childhood disorder and is the unquestionable result of the parents battle over the child in the court. If the child becomes hostile to one of his/her parents and engages in agile campaign of denigration against this parent, the likelihood is that this child has been the victim of programming (brainwashing) by the other parent. This is parental hallucination syndrome. And it uses the child in the campaign of vilification of the target parent (Gardner, 2002). This is a pathetic scenario. Either of the parents definitely will finally win his/her case, but the one ending up to be the real nonstarter is the child. Actually, the whole affair is itself an abuse of the child. Family is supposed to be a home and a place for children to grow healthy physi cally, emotionally, and intellectually. Home is not supposed to be a tug of war surrounded by parents where the circle being pulled is the child. Abuse and neglect should never become part of parenting styles.ReferenceGardner, Richard. 2002. Parental Alienation Syndrome vs. Parental Alienation Which diagnosis should evaluators use in child-custody disputes? The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30 (2) 93-115.New York Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper in R.L. Hegar, S.J. Zuravin and J.G. Orme, Factors predicting severity of physical child abuse injury, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(2), 1994, pp. 170-183. Accessed July 7, 2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper in E.E. Whipple and C. Webster-Stratton, The role of parental stress in physically abusive families, Child Abuse and Neglect, 15(3), 1991,pp.279-291. Accessed July 7, 2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper in K. Rodgers, wife assault The findings of a national survey, Juristat Service Bulletin, Accessed July 7, 2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paperin Trocme et al., supra note 6, pp.94-98. Accessed July 7,2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper in D. Jones and K. McCurdy, The links between types of maltreatment and demographic characteristics of children, Child Abuse and Neglect, 16(2), 1992, pp. 201-215. Accessed July 7, 2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper in V. Krishnan and K.B. Morrison, Anecological model of child maltreatment in a Canadian province, Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(1), 1995, pp. 101-113. Accessed July 7, 2007 Hay, Tom. 1997. 87 child abuse and neglect overview paper in J.A. Caliso and J.S. Milner, Childhood physical abuse, childhood social support and adult child abuse potential, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9(1), 1994, pp. 27-44. Accessed July 7, 2007